Science, 23 Jul 2026, VOL 393, ISSUE 6809

《科学》2026年7月23日，第393卷，6809期

化学Chemistry

Spatially resolving the cone of reaction for a single molecule

单份子反映锥的空间分辩

▲ 作者：Matthew James Ti妹妹, Adam Matěj et al.

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aec7913

▲择要：原子及份子的碰撞是化学键形成的须要前提，于是对于任何化学反映都至关主要。反映成果由反映物的碰撞能量、相对于取向及碰撞参数决议。气相碰撞研究注解，能量易在节制，但份子取向的调控极其坚苦，而碰撞参数的操控则彻底不成能。

于这项研究中，研究者研究了单个份子于外貌的碰撞历程，经由过程扫描地道显微镜于碰撞先后对于每一个介入的化合物举行成像，从而实现对于取向及碰撞参数的切确节制。研究者不雅察到，份子必需于狭小的反映锥内碰撞，而外貌原子的位移甚至可以促使倒霉反映路径发生。

▲ Abstract：Collisions of atoms and molecules are required for bond formation and are thus key to any chemical reaction. Their outcome is determined by the collision energy, relative orientation, and impact parameter of the reactants. Collision studies in the gas phase have shown that energies are easily controlled, whereas it is difficult to steer the molecular orientations and completely impossible to control the impact parameter. Here, we study the collision of individual molecules at a surface where each involved compound is imaged before and after collision by scanning tunneling microscopy, allowing precise control of orientations and impact parameter. We observe that the molecules must collide in a narrow cone of reaction and that surface atom displacements can enable a reaction even for disfavored pathways.

生物学Biology

The global biogeography of passerine songs

雀形目鸟鸣的全世界生物地舆学

▲ 作者：Quentin Bacquelé, Jean-Yves Barnagaudet al.

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aee6239

▲择要：只管鸟鸣是理解声音交流演化的经典模子，但其全世界多样性持久以来使构建同一框架面对挑战。经由过程阐发全世界跨越3000种雀形目鸟类鸣声的声学布局，研究者注解这一声学空间可缭绕八种基本基序构建。

这些基序的差异化利用受物种生物性状（社会构造、形态及交配体系）与声音流传物理特征配合驱动。于热带雨林中，情况对于流传效率的过滤有益在布局简朴的基序，如平直哨音。相反，于温带地域，高种群密度促成了近间隔交流，而短暂的孳生季候加重了性选择，使患上均衡向繁杂、信息富厚的基序歪斜，如超快速颤音，只管这种基序易受声学衰减的影响。

终极，鸟鸣的全世界地舆格式反应了物理情况约束与繁杂交流生物驱动力之间于空间上变化的均衡。

▲ Abstract：Although bird songs are classic models for understanding the evolution of vocal co妹妹unication, their global diversity has long made the development of a unifying framework challenging. By analyzing the acoustic architecture of songs from more than 3000 passerine species worldwide, we show that this acoustic space can be structured around eight elemental motifs. The differential use of these motifs is driven by a combination of species’ biological traits (social organization, morphology, and mating system) and the physics of sound propagation. In tropical rainforests, environmental filtering for transmission efficiency favors structurally simple motifs, such as flat whistles. Conversely, in temperate regions, where high population densities facilitate close-range co妹妹unication and short breeding seasons intensify sexual selection, the balance shifts toward complex, information-rich motifs, such as ultrafast trills, despite their susceptibility to acoustic degradation. Ultimately, the global geography of birdsong reflects a spatially varying equilibrium between physical environmental constraints and the biological drive for complex co妹妹unication.

Crush-resistant air sacs allow insect larvae to exploit aquatic habitats at extreme depth

抗压气囊使虫豸幼虫可以或许使用极度深度的水生栖息地

▲ 作者：Evan K. G. McKenzie, Maxon J. R. Ngochera et al.

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aed0667

▲择要：远洋海洋栖息地缺少水生虫豸的缘故原由，曾经被归因在其充气气管呼吸体系——于日夜垂直迁徙以遁藏捕食性鱼类时，该体系可能于深水处发生内爆。然而，研究者发明马拉维湖的湖蝇水生幼虫已经将其气管体系革新为强化型的浮力调治充气囊，使其可以或许经由过程于白日迁徙至湖中深达200米以上的缺氧深水层，来遁藏捕食性鱼类。

这些气囊的抗压深度随龄期增长而提高，末龄幼虫可抵挡跨越半千米深度的内爆。与预期相反，这些虫豸顺应了深水栖息地的极度静水压力，使其可以或许与远洋鱼类共存。

▲ Abstract：The absence of aquatic insects from pelagic marine habitats has been attributed to their air-filled tracheal respiratory system, which could implode at depth while undertaking diel vertical migrations to escape predatory fish. However, we found that the aquatic larvae of the lake fly Chaoborus edulis in Lake Malawi have modified their tracheal system into reinforced buoyancy-regulating air-filled sacs, allowing them to escape predatory fish by undertaking these migrations well over 200 meters deep into the lake’s anoxic hypolimnion during the day. The crush depth of their air sacs increases with each instar, with final instars resisting implosion at depths greater than half a kilometer. Contrary to expectations, these insects adapt to the extreme hydrostatic pressures of deep-water habitats, allowing them to coexist with pelagic fish.

天文学Astronomy

Constraining an exoplanet’s magnetic field using star-planet interactions

使用恒星—行星彼此作用约束系生手星的磁场

▲ 作者：D. Revilla, P. J. Amado et al.

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv3075

▲择要：理论猜测，若一颗行星具备充足强的磁场并近间隔绕其宿主恒星运行，则可能激发恒星—行星磁彼此作用。这类彼此作用有可能以与行星轨道周期同步的光学或者射电恒星勾当旌旗灯号的情势被不雅测到。

研究者阐发了GJ 436长达18年的高分辩率光学光谱数据——GJ 436是一颗低质量恒星，其周围有一颗海王星巨细的系生手星沿极向偏疼轨道运行。恒星勾当指标显示，于与该系生手星轨道对于应的周期上存于加强旌旗灯号，该旌旗灯号受恒星自转及恒星8年磁周期调制。

研究者将此注释为恒星—行星磁彼此作用的旌旗灯号。经由过程几何模子，研究者重现了这些周期，前提是GJ 436 b的磁场强度为6至110高斯。

▲ Abstract：Theory predicts that a planet with a sufficiently strong magnetic field orbiting close to its host star could induce star-planet magnetic interactions. This is potentially observable as an optical or radio stellar activity signal synchronized with the planet’s orbital period. We analyzed 18 years of high-resolution optical spectroscopy of GJ 436, a low-mass star orbited by a Neptune-sized exoplanet on a polar eccentric orbit. Stellar activity indicators show enhancements at a period corresponding to the exoplanet orbit, modulated by stellar rotation, and the star’s 8-year magnetic cycle. We interpret this as a signal of star-planet magnetic interaction. Using a geometric model, we reproduced these periods if GJ 436 b has a magnetic field strength of 6 to 110 gauss.

生态学Ecology

Invasive species’ environmental impacts are more severe in the Global South

外来入侵物种于全世界南边酿成的情况影响更为严峻

▲ 作者：外来入侵物种于全世界南边酿成的情况影响更为严峻

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aed0603

▲择要：外来入侵物种是生物多样性的重要威逼，但其影响漫衍仍不为人知。全世界生物多样性评估注解，影响最严峻的是全世界北方的发财国度，但这仅按照入侵物种数目揣度而来，反应了研究误差。

使用一个新的尺度化影响器量全世界数据库，研究者计较了列国的平均影响严峻水平，发明只管全世界北方的陈诉数目是南边的两倍以上，全世界南边的严峻水平却更高。

单薄的管理及有限的治理能力是影响严峻水平的重要驱动因素。经济快速增加但管理单薄的新兴经济体尤为懦弱。未能熟悉到全世界南边蒙受着最严峻的外来入侵物种影响，会将留意力从最受威逼的区域转移开。

▲ Abstract：Invasive alien species (IAS) are a major threat to biodiversity, yet their impact distribution remains poorly understood. Global biodiversity assessments suggest the highest impacts in wealthy countries of the Global North, but this is only inferred from IAS numbers, reflecting research bias. Using a new global database of standardized impact measures, we calculated average impact severity per country and found that it is higher in the Global South despite more than twice as many reports in the Global North. Weak governance and limited management capacity are the main drivers of high impact severity. Emerging economies with rapid economic growth but poor governance are particularly vulnerable. Failure to recognize the Global South as facing the highest IAS impacts diverts attention away from the most threatened regions.

人类学Anthropology

The rise and fall of language diversity through the Holocene

全新世语言多样性的兴衰

▲ 作者：D. E. Blasi, M. J. Hamilton et al.

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx4343

▲择要：描画塑造语言多样性的因素，对于在理解人类汗青、文化与认知至关主要。于这项研究中，研究者联合了统计与社管帐算模子、平易近族志数据及昔人口统计学揣度，模仿了全世界语言多样性的蜕变轨迹。于动植物驯化最先以前，语言数目（4500至6000种）少在今天（7500种）。随后全世界人口的增加鞭策了语言多样性的增长。

研究者展现了一个语言“黄金时代”，即于3000至1000年前，曾经存于数万种语言。语言多样性的巨年夜损失并不是始在近代殖平易近扩张，而是跟着多平易近族帝国的初次扩张和其语言、病原体及文化的流传而发生。是以，灭尽于塑造语言及文化多样性方面所起的作用，可能比此前认为的要年夜患上多。

▲ Abstract：Characterizing the factors that have shaped linguistic diversity is fundamental for understanding human history, culture, and cognition. In this study, we combined statistical and social computational modeling, ethnographic data, and paleodemographic inference to model trajectories of global linguistic diversity. Before the onset of plant and animal domestication, the number of languages was smaller than it is today (4500 to 6000 compared with 7500). Subsequent increases in global population precipitated increased linguistic diversity. We uncovered a linguistic “golden age” with tens of thousands of languages 3000 to 1000 years ago. Great loss of linguistic diversity did not begin with recent colonial expansion but as multinational empires first spread along with their languages, pathogens, and cultures. Thus, extinction has likely played a much greater role in shaping linguistic and cultural diversity than previously thought.