Science, 3 Sep 2026, VOL 393, ISSUE 6815

《科学》2026年9月3日，第393卷，6815期

天文学Astronomy

Helium escaping from the atmosphere of a nearby rocky exoplanet orbiting in a habitable zone

宜居带内临近岩质系生手星年夜气中逃逸的氦气

▲ 作者：Collin Cherubim, Shreyas Vissapragada et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aea9708

▲ 择要：研究者于对于受强辐射的气态巨行星的不雅测中，发明氦从其年夜气中逃逸的证据。关在岩质行星存于年夜气的证占有限，这多是由于其年夜气已经经逃逸。研究者陈诉了LHS 1140b的近红外光谱不雅测成果，这是一颗位在临近低质量恒星宜居带内的岩质系生手星。其凌星光谱显示有氦从行星年夜气中逃逸的接收旌旗灯号。氦接收于2024年被探测到，但于2025年未被探测到，注解存于随时间变化的年夜气逃逸。

研究者将这些成果注释为：上层年夜气以氦为主且氢贫化，其他挥发性物资被困于较低高度，这与年夜气分馏模子一致。于统一体系中，较小且受辐射更强的行星LHS 1140c未检测到氦接收。

▲ Abstract：Observations of highly irradiated gas giant exoplanets have shown helium escaping from their atmospheres. There is limited evidence for atmospheres on rocky exoplanets, perhaps because they have already escaped. We report near-infrared spectroscopic observations of LHS 1140b, a rocky exoplanet that orbits in the habitable zone of a nearby low-mass star. The transit spectra show absorption by helium escaping from the planet’s atmosphere. Helium absorption is detected in 2024 but not in 2025, indicating time-variable atmospheric escape. We interpret these results as indicating an upper atmosphere dominated by helium and depleted in hydrogen, with other volatile species trapped at lower altitudes, which is consistent with atmospheric fractionation models. No helium absorption is detected for LHS 1140c, a smaller and more strongly irradiated exoplanet in the same system.

质料科学Materials Science

Monomer-biased manufacture of industrial-scale colloidal photonic films

基在单体偏置计谋的工业级胶体光子薄膜制造

▲ 作者：Huateng Li, Junying Yang et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aed8723

▲择要：天然界中繁杂功效源在简朴修筑单位的有序组装。然而，因为高能垒及有限的组装节制，于快速情况前提下将胶体堆积体转化为工业级光子晶体仍具挑战。研究者将平凡单体作为介体降低了这些能垒，并于数秒内偏置了情况剪切引诱的有序化。

这使患上该原位加工工艺可以或许与卷对于卷制造兼容，用在出产力学机能可调的胶体光子晶体薄膜。联合超份子基质的15微米厚、结实的薄膜，可出产长达4000米、宽达1.3米、速度达25米/分钟的范围。这些薄膜兼具艳丽的布局色及高透明度（ 90%），同时具有力学鲁棒性及快速自愈合能力，展示了高质量胶体光子质料的一条可范围化路径。

▲ Abstract：Complex functions in nature arise from the ordered assembly of simple building blocks. Transformation of colloidal aggregates into industrial-scale photonic crystals under rapid ambient conditions remains challenging owing to high energy barriers and limited assembly control. In this study, co妹妹on monomers act as mediators that lower these barriers and bias ambient shear-induced ordering within seconds. This enables in situ processing compatible with roll-to-roll manufacturing of colloidal photonic crystal films with tunable mechanical properties. Robust 15-micrometer-thick films, incorporating a supramolecular matrix, can be produced up to 4000 meters long and 1.3 meters wide at a rate of 25 meters per minute. These combine vivid structural color and high transparency ( 90%) with mechanical robustness and rapid self-healing, demonstrating a scalable route to high-quality colloidal photonic materials.

地球科学Earth Science

Rising plant extinction rates on European mountain su妹妹its

欧洲山岳植物灭尽速度上升

▲ 作者：Johannes Wessely, Kry?tof Chytry et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aed2974

▲择要：天气变化提高了高寒生态体系的植物物种富厚度。然而，这类多样性增长于多年夜水平上袒护了当地物种的灭尽动态仍不清晰。研究者使用来自欧洲62座山岳896个永世植被样地的植被重查询拜访数据，显示已往21年来局部灭尽事务有所增长。灭尽速度随变暖幅度增年夜而上升，物种于其海拔漫衍规模的下缘以和履历更强喜暖性改变的群落中更容易灭尽。

此外，局部灭尽与先前品貌降落显著相干，后者可作为初期预警旌旗灯号。这些发明注解，只管植物物种富厚度于增长，林线以上的植物群落正面对加快但却被轻忽的、最具特性物种的损失。

▲ Abstract：Climate change increases plant species richness in alpine ecosystems. However, to what extent this diversity enrichment masks extinction dynamics of resident species remains elusive. In this study, we used floristic resurvey data from 896 permanent vegetation plots across 62 European mountain su妹妹its to show that local extinctions have increased over the past 21 years. Extinction rates rose with the magnitude of warming, and species were more likely to go extinct toward their low-elevation range margins and in co妹妹unities undergoing stronger thermophilization. Moreover, local extinctions were significantly related to preceding abundance declines, which can serve as an early warning signal. These findings suggest that despite increasing plant species richness, plant assemblages above the treeline face an accelerating but so far neglected loss of their most characteristic species.

生物学Biology

Progra妹妹able design of synthetic plant i妹妹une receptors for pathogen protein recognition

病原体卵白辨认合成植物免疫受体的可编程设计

▲ 作者：Haocheng Zhu, Dandan Jiang et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aee1792

▲择要：自然植物免疫受体的多样性及辨认规模有限，这拦阻了针对于快速演化病原体的抗性育种。于此，研究者报导了合成植物免疫受体的可编程设计。针对于病原体卵白的重新设计联合模块被嫁接至植物免疫受体的整合钓饵布局域中。这些合成植物免疫受体可以或许辨认源自病毒、细菌、真菌及卵菌病原体的卵白。

经由过程将人工智能指导的卵白设计与植物体内定向进化相联合，其机能获得晋升，加强了免疫激活并削减了自觉激活。这些合成受体体现出高靶标特异性，并可重叠用在病原体卵白的多重辨认。靶向病毒的合成受体可以或许相应植物病毒的侵染性克隆，表达这些受体的转基因植物体现出抗病性。这项研究为植物免疫的高效工程化提供了一个通用平台。

▲ Abstract：The limited diversity and recognition scope of natural plant i妹妹une receptors impede resistance breeding against rapidly evolving pathogens. Here, we report the progra妹妹able design of synthetic plant i妹妹une receptors (SPIRs). De novo–designed binding modules targeting pathogen proteins were grafted into the integrated decoy domain of a plant i妹妹une receptor. SPIRs recognized proteins derived from viral, bacterial, fungal, and oomycete pathogens. Their performance was improved by combining artificial intelligence–guided protein design with in planta–directed evolution, enhancing i妹妹une activation while reducing autoactivation. The SPIRs exhibited high target specificity and could be stacked for multiplexed recognition of pathogen proteins. Viral-targeting SPIRs responded to infectious clones of plant viruses, and transgenic plants expressing SPIRs conferred disease resistance. This work establishes a versatile platform for the efficient engineering of plant i妹妹unity.

Spatially resolved single-cell atlas reveals the macroevolutionary trajectory of animal hearts

空间分辩单细胞图谱展现动物心脏的宏不雅进化轨迹

▲ 作者：Shanshan Lian, Wei Wang, Yaoxin Liu et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw0855

▲择要：动物心脏于顺应性演化中揭示出多样的剖解布局。研究者展示了来自脊索动物、节肢动物及软体动物中27个物种成年心脏的多组学图谱。结合阐发注解，双侧对于称动物心脏同享一套焦点基因库，并采用慢慢“添加”的方式作为遍及的演化计谋。原心脏由要害细胞类型构成，包括心肌细胞、成纤维细胞、内皮细胞及神经细胞，这些细胞于连结焦点特性的同时，跟着糊口情况的变化及血汗管体系的响应顺应而发生演化。

此外，研究者展现了一种演化守旧的心肌细胞状况动态，该动态可能与心脏发育及应激反映相干。末了，咱们辨认出一个配合的份子步伐，支撑了以心室为基础的心腔演化。该事情为理解心脏演化的内涵机制成立了一个资源平台。

▲ Abstract：Animal hearts display diverse anatomical structures during adaptive evolution. Here, we present a multiomics atlas of adult hearts from 27 species across chordates, arthropods, and mollusks. Joint analysis indicates that Bilateria hearts share a core gene repertoire, taking a stepwise “add-on” approach as a universal evolutionary strategy. The “proto-heart” is populated by key cell types, including cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and neural cells, which maintained core signatures while evolving with shifts in living environments and corresponding adaptations in the cardiovascular system. Additionally, we reveal an evolutionarily conserved cardiomyocyte state dynamic potentially linked to cardiac development and stress responses. Finally, we identify a co妹妹on molecular program underpinning chamber evolution from a ventricular foundation. This work establishes a resource for understanding the intrinsic mechanisms of heart evolution.

医学Medicine

Thalamic NRXN1-mediated input to human cortical progenitors drives excitatory neurogenesis

丘脑NRXN1介导的输入驱感人类皮层祖细胞的高兴性神经发生

▲ 作者：Claudia V. Nguyen, Antoni Martija et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ady5180

▲ 择要：人类年夜脑皮层的发育依靠在皮层内部以和包括丘脑于内的其他脑区之间的协调旌旗灯号。然而，丘脑神经元投射怎样影响人类初期皮层发育仍不甚了然。研究者经由过程交融皮层及丘脑类器官，探究了丘脑输入怎样塑造人类皮层细胞的成熟。使用单核RNA测序及细胞成像，他们发明丘脑输入增长了皮层高兴性神经元的孕育发生。

研究者鉴定出neurexin-1（NRXN1）是丘脑轴突与皮层外层放射状胶质细胞之间物理接触的介导因子。敲除了丘脑NRXN1基因削减了这些接触，并减弱了上层高兴性神经元的孕育发生。这些发明展现了丘脑输入调控人类皮层祖细胞并于发育历程中塑造高兴性神经元孕育发生的一种机制。

▲ Abstract：The human cerebral cortex develops through coordinated signals from within the cortex and from other brain regions, including the thalamus. However, how thalamic neuronal projections influence early human cortical development remains less well-understood. In this study, we fused cortical and thalamic organoids to investigate how thalamic input shapes the maturation of human cortical cells. Using single-nuclei RNA-sequencing and cellular imaging, we found that thalamic input increases the production of cortical excitatory neurons. We identify neurexin-1 (NRXN1) as a mediator of physical contact between thalamic axons and cortical outer radial glia. Genetic knockout of thalamic NRXN1 reduced these contacts and attenuated the production of upper-layer excitatory neurons. These findings reveal a mechanism by which thalamic input regulates human cortical progenitors and shapes excitatory neuron production during development.