行星科学

Planetary Science

Experiments reveal extreme water generation during planet formation

试验展现行星形成历程中孕育发生年夜量水

▲ 作者：F. Miozzi, A. Shahar, E. D. Young, J. Wang, A. Steele, S. Borensztajn, S. M. Vitale, E. S. Bullock, N. Wehr J. Badro

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09816-z

▲择要：

于星河系中发明的最多见的行星类型，于太阳系中没有对于应体。这种行星被认为由岩石内核及笼罩其上的以H2为主的厚外层包层组成。模子猜测注解，年夜气中的氢与下方的岩浆海发生反映，可以孕育发生年夜量的水。然而，因为今朝缺少高压高温下氢与硅酸盐熔体之间反映的试验数据，这些模子存于不足。

研究者先容了研究这类彼此作用的新试验成果。他们于16 GPa至60 GPa的压力及4000 K以上的温度下，举行了激光加热金刚石压砧试验，发明年夜量氢消融到硅酸盐熔体中，且消融度重要依靠在温度而非压力。同时，氧化铁的还有原作用除了了形成富铁熔体外，还有会孕育发生显著数目的水。

研究成果注解，典型的行星形成历程将孕育发生年夜量的水，这对于行星内部和年夜气的化学及布局都有主要影响。

▲ Abstract：

The most abundant type of planet discovered in the Galaxy has no analogue in our Solar System and is believed to consist of a rocky interior with an overlying thick H2-dominated envelope. Models have predicted that the reaction between the atmospheric hydrogen and the underlying magma ocean can lead to the production of notable amounts of water. However, the models suffer from the current lack of experimental data on the reaction between hydrogen and silicate melt at high pressures and temperatures. Here we present new experimental results designed to investigate this interaction. Laser heating diamond anvil cell experiments were conducted between 16 GPa and 60 GPa at temperatures above 4,000 K. We find that copious amounts of hydrogen dissolve into the silicate melt with a large dependence on temperature rather than pressure. We also find that the reduction of iron oxide leads to the production of marked amounts of water along with the formation of iron-enriched blebs. Altogether, the results indicate that the typical processes attending planet formation will result in substantial water production with repercussions for the chemistry and structure of the planetary interior as well as the atmosphere.

Titan s strong tidal dissipation precludes a subsurface ocean

土卫六强烈潮汐耗散解除了存于地下海洋的可能性

▲ 作者：Flavio Petricca, Steven D. Vance, Marzia Parisi, Dustin Buccino, Gael Cascioli, Julie Castillo-Rogez, Brynna G. Downey, Francis Ni妹妹o, Gabriel Tobie, Baptiste Journaux, Andrea Magnanini, Ula Jones, Mark Panning, Amirhossein Bagheri, Antonio Genova Jonathan I. Lunine

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09818-x

▲择要：

卡西尼号使命为人们提供了关在土星最年夜卫星 土卫六 从其年夜气到深层内部的空前洞察。先前不雅测到该卫星对于土星引潮力的强烈相应，被解读为其存于地下海洋的证据。这一相应值是卡西尼号使命前研究猜测值的两倍，一直未能获得彻底注释。

研究显示，土卫六重力场中的潮汐耗散特性与存于海洋的推论不符。研究者的结论源在经由过程改良技能从头阐发卡西尼号获取的无线电丈量数据，并检测到了这一特性。他们发明其内部正发生显著的耗散，这与近期对于土卫六自转状况的研究一致。因为液态层的存于会削减其下方孕育发生的潮汐耗散，这些新的丈量成果解除了土卫六存于地下海洋的可能性，并可以用一个耗散集中于其熔点四周的高压冰层模子来注释。

该模子也再现了不雅测到的土卫六自转状况及静态重力场，从而和谐了所有可用的地球物理丈量数据。有用的冰壳对于流可以制止年夜规模熔化及海洋的形成，但泥泞状的高压冰层切合预期，注解此中可能蕴含液态水囊。行将前去土卫六的蜻蜓号使命，将为验证是否存于地下海洋提供进一步的测试。

▲ Abstract：

The Cassini mission provided unprecedented insights into Saturn s largest moon, Titan, from its atmosphere to the deep interior1. The moon s large measured response to the tides exerted by Saturn was interpreted as evidence of the existence of a subsurface ocean2,3. This response, twice the value predicted in pre-Cassini studies, has escaped complete explanation. Here we show that the signature of tidal dissipation in Titan s gravity field is not consistent with the presence of an ocean. Our results arise from the detection of this signature through a reanalysis of the radiometric data acquired by Cassini with improved techniques. We found that substantial energy is being dissipated in the interior (approximately 3 4TW, corresponding to a tidal quality factor Q 5), consistent with recent studies of Titan s rotational state4. Because the presence of a liquid layer reduces the tidal dissipation generated below it5, these new measurements preclude the existence of a subsurface ocean on Titan and are explained by a model in which dissipation is concentrated in a high-pressure ice layer close to its melting point. This model also reproduces Titan s observed rotational state and static gravity field self-consistently, reconciling all available geophysical measurements. Efficient ice shell convection can prevent widespread melting and ocean formation, but a slushy high-pressure ice layer is consistent with expectations6, indicating that it probably hosts liquid water pockets. The forthcoming Dragonfly mission to Titan will provide a further test of whether a subsurface ocean exists.

物理学

Physics

An 11-qubit atom processor in silicon

硅中的11量子比特原子处置惩罚器

▲ 作者：Hermann Edlbauer, Junliang Wang, A. M. Saffat-Ee Huq, Ian Thorvaldson, Michael T. Jones, Saiful Haque Misha, William J. Pappas, Christian M. Moehle, Yu-Ling Hsueh, Henric Bornemann, Samuel K. Gorman, Yousun Chung, Joris G. Keizer, Ludwik Kranz Michelle Y. Si妹妹ons

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09827-w

▲择要：

硅中的磷原子是量子计较中一个极具远景的平台。由于它们的核自旋具备长达数秒的相关时间，而且可以或许实现高保真度的读取及单量子比特操控。经由过程将多个磷原子置在几纳米半径规模内，它们会经由过程超邃密彼此作用耦合到一个同享电子上。这类核自旋寄放器可以实现高保真度的大批子比特操控及小范围量子算法的履行。

实现范围扩大的一个主要要求是可以或许于多个自旋寄放器之间非局域地扩大高保真度纠缠。研究者经由过程一个由两个多核自旋寄放器构成的11量子比特原子处置惩罚器应答这一挑战。这两个寄放器经由过程电子互换彼此作用毗连。经由过程改良校准及节制和谈，他们实现的单量子比特及大批子比特门保真度均于99.10%到99.99%之间。

经由过程纠缠所有局域及非局域的核自旋对于组合，他们绘制了处置惩罚器的机能图谱，并实现了最高达99.5%的领先程度的贝尔态保真度。接着，他们天生了量子比特数递增的格林伯格-霍恩-泽林格（GHZ）态，并展示了至多八个核自旋的纠缠。经由过程于互连的核自旋寄放器之间成立高保真度操作，研究者实现了使用原子处置惩罚器迈向容错量子计较的要害里程碑。

▲ Abstract：

Phosphorus atoms in silicon represent a promising platform for quantum computing, as their nuclear spins exhibit coherence times over seconds1,2 with high-fidelity readout and single-qubit control3. By placing several phosphorus atoms within a radius of a few nanometres, they couple by means of the hyperfine interaction to a single, shared electron. Such a nuclear spin register enables high-fidelity multi-qubit control4 and the execution of small-scale quantum algorithms5. An important requirement for scaling up is the ability to extend high-fidelity entanglement non-locally across several spin registers. Here we address this challenge with an 11-qubit atom processor composed of two multi-nuclear spin registers that are linked by means of electron exchange interaction. Through the advancement of calibration and control protocols, we achieve single-qubit and multi-qubit gates with all fidelities ranging from 99.10% to 99.99%. By entangling all combinations of local and non-local nuclear-spin pairs, we map out the performance of the processor and achieve state-of-the-art Bell-state fidelities of up to 99.5%. We then generate Greenberger Horne Zeilinger (GHZ) states with an increasing number of qubits and show entanglement of up to eight nuclear spins. By establishing high-fidelity operation across interconnected nuclear spin registers, we realize a key milestone towards fault-tolerant quantum computation with atom processors.

Laser spectroscopy and CP-violation sensitivity of actinium monofluoride

激光光谱学与氟化锕份子的结合变换粉碎敏感性

▲ 作者：M. Athanasakis-Kaklamanakis, M. Au, A. Kyuberis, C. Z lch, K. Gaul, H. Wibowo, L. Skripnikov, L. Lalanne, J. R. Reilly, . Koszor s, S. Bara, J. Ballof, R. Berger, C. Bernerd, A. Borschevsky, A. A. Breier, K. Chrysalidis, T. E. Cocolios, R. P. de Groote, A. Dorne, J. Dobaczewski, C. M. Fajardo Zambrano, K. T. Flanagan, S. Franchoo, X. F. Yang Show authors

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09814-1

▲择要：

强核力于电荷共轭与宇称结合变换（CP）下的较着稳定性，仍是现代物理学中一个悬而未决的问题。使用重原子及份子举行的周详试验，可经由过程寻觅轻子、强子及核子中永世电偶极矩和其他CP奇特性效应，为CP粉碎提供严酷的约束前提。

放射性份子已经被提议作为此类研究的高敏捷探针，但迄今为止，对于年夜大都此类份子的试验于技能上仍难以实现。研究者陈诉了气相锕系份子227AcF的制备与光谱研究。他们不雅测到了理论猜测的、来自基态的最强电子跃迁，这对于在于对于称性粉碎彼此作用研究中实现高效旌旗灯号读取至关主要。

此外，他们计较了227AcF的电子与核布局，以确定其对于各类CP粉碎参数的敏感性，发明一项精度到达1毫赫的实际、近期的试验，可将今朝对于CP粉碎参数空间的约束提高3个数目级。研究成果凸显了227AcF于极敏捷摸索CP粉碎方面的潜力。

▲ Abstract：

The apparent invariance of the strong nuclear force under combined charge conjugation and parity (CP) remains an open question in modern physics1,2. Precision experiments with heavy atoms and molecules can provide stringent constraints on CP violation via searches for effects due to permanent electric dipole moments and other CP-odd properties in leptons, hadrons and nuclei3. Radioactive molecules have been proposed as highly sensitive probes for such searches4, but experiments with most such molecules have so far been beyond technical reach. Here we report the production and spectroscopic study of a gas-phase actinium molecule, 227AcF. We observe the predicted strongest electronic transition from the ground state, which is necessary for efficient readout in searches of sy妹妹etry-violating interactions. Furthermore, we perform electronic- and nuclear-structure calculations for 227AcF to determine its sensitivity to various CP-violating parameters, and find that a realistic, near-term experiment with a precision of 1 mHz would improve current constraints on the CP-violating parameter hyperspace by 3 orders of magnitude. Our results thus highlight the potential of 227AcF for exceptionally sensitive searches of CP violation.

生命科学

Life Science

Evidence for improved DNA repair in the long-lived bowhead whale

长命弓头鲸DNA修复能力加强的证据

▲ 作者：Denis Firsanov, Max Zacher, Xiao Tian, Todd L. Sformo, Yang Zhao, Gregory Tombline, J. Yuyang Lu, Zhizhong Zheng, Luigi Perelli, Enrico Gurreri, Li Zhang, Jing Guo, Anatoly Korotkov, Valentin Volobaev, Seyed Ali Biashad, Zhihui Zhang, Johanna Heid, Alexander Y. Maslov, Shixiang Sun, Zhuoer Wu, Jonathan Gigas, Eric C. Hillpot, John C. Martinez, Min搜索引擎优化n Lee, Vera Gorbunova Show authors

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09694-5#Sec68

▲择要：

弓头鲸的最长命命跨越200年，跨越了所有其他哺乳动物。弓头鲸同时也是地球上体型第二年夜的动物，体重跨越80000千克。只管弓头鲸拥有数目极为重大的细胞及超长的寿命，但它其实不易得癌症，这类纷歧致的征象被称为佩托悖论。

为理解弓头鲸抗癌能力的机制，研究者检测了鲸鱼原代成纤维细胞恶性转化所需的致癌冲击次数。出乎意料的是，弓头鲸成纤维细胞恶性转化所需的致癌冲击次数少在人类成纤维细胞。然而，与其他哺乳动物的细胞比拟，弓头鲸细胞体现出更强的DNA双链断裂修复能力及保真度，以和更低的突变率。

研究者发明冷引诱RNA联合卵白CIRBP于弓头鲸成纤维细胞及构造中高度表达。弓头鲸的CIRBP能加强人类细胞的非同源结尾毗连及同源重组修复，削减微核形成，促成DNA结尾掩护，并于体外刺激结尾毗连。

于果蝇中过表达CIRBP能延伸寿命并提高抗辐射能力。这些发明为如下假说提供了证据撑持：弓头鲸并不是依靠分外的肿瘤按捺基因来避免肿瘤发生，而是经由过程加强DNA修复来维持基因组完备性。这类不用除了受损细胞而是忠厚修复它们的计谋，可能恰是弓头鲸异样长命及低癌症病发率的缘故原由。

▲ Abstract：

At more than 200 years, the maximum lifespan of the bowhead whale exceeds that of all other ma妹妹als. The bowhead is also the second-largest animal on Earth1, reaching over 80,000 kg. Despite its very large number of cells and long lifespan, the bowhead is not highly cancer-prone, an incongruity termed Peto s paradox2. Here, to understand the mechanisms that underlie the cancer resistance of the bowhead whale, we examined the number of oncogenic hits required for malignant transformation of whale primary fibroblasts. Unexpectedly, bowhead whale fibroblasts required fewer oncogenic hits to undergo malignant transformation than human fibroblasts. However, bowhead whale cells exhibited enhanced DNA double-strand break repair capacity and fidelity, and lower mutation rates than cells of other ma妹妹als. We found the cold-inducible RNA-binding protein CIRBP to be highly expressed in bowhead fibroblasts and tissues. Bowhead whale CIRBP enhanced both non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination repair in human cells, reduced micronuclei formation, promoted DNA end protection, and stimulated end joining in vitro. CIRBP overexpression in Drosophila extended lifespan and improved resistance to irradiation. These findings provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that, rather than relying on additional tumour suppressor genes to prevent oncogenesis3,4,5, the bowhead whale maintains genome integrity through enhanced DNA repair. This strategy, which does not eliminate damaged cells but faithfully repairs them, may be contributing to the exceptional longevity and low cancer incidence in the bowhead whale.

Multi-omic profiling reveals age-related i妹妹une dynamics in healthy adults

多组学阐发展现康健成年人体内与春秋相干的免疫动态

▲ 作者：Qiuyu Gong, Mehul Sharma, Marla C. Glass, E妹妹a L. Kuan, Aishwarya Chander, Mansi Singh, Lucas T. Graybuck, Zachary J. Thomson, Christian M. LaFrance, Samir Rachid Zaim, Tao Peng, Lauren Y. Okada, Palak C. Genge, Katherine E. Henderson, Elisabeth M. Dornisch, Erik D. Layton, Peter J. Wittig, Alexander T. Heubeck, Nelson M. Mukuka, Julian Reading, Garrett Strawn, Teminijesu Titus-Adewunmi, Kathleen Abadie, Charles R. Roll, Claire E. Gustafson Show authors

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09686-5

▲择要：

免疫力的天生与维持是一个动态历程，依靠在春秋。为了更好理解这一进程，研究者使用单细胞RNA测序、卵白质组学及流式细胞术对于300多名康健成年人（25至90岁）的外周免疫体系举行了阐发，并对于此中96名成年人举行了为期两年的纵向跟踪研究，不雅察他们对于季候性流感疫苗的免疫反映。

由此孕育发生的资源天生了一个跨越1600万个外周血单个核细胞的单细胞RNA测序数据集，涵盖了 人类免疫康健图谱 中的71个免疫细胞亚群，有助在探究免疫细胞构成及状况怎样随春秋、慢性病毒传染及疫苗接种而变化。按照这些数据，研究者证实T细胞亚群会随春秋发生稳健的、非线性的转录重编程，这一历程并不是由体系性炎症或者慢性大小胞病毒传染驱动。

这类与春秋相干的重编程致使影象T细胞呈现功效性辅助T细胞2（TH2）倾向，这与针对于流感疫苗中高度增强抗原的B细胞反映掉调有关。总之，这项研究展现了于进入高龄以前发生的免疫朽迈历程的怪异特性，并为与春秋相干的免疫调控提供了新的靶点。

▲ Abstract：

The generation and maintenance of i妹妹unity is a dynamic process that is dependent on age. Here, to better understand its progression, we profiled peripheral i妹妹unity in more than 300 healthy adults (25 to 90 years of age) using single-cell RNA sequencing, proteomics and flow cytometry, following 96 adults longitudinally across 2 years with seasonal influenza vaccination. The resulting resource generated a single-cell RNA-sequencing dataset of more than 16 million peripheral blood mononuclear cells with 71 i妹妹une cell subsets from our Human I妹妹une Health Atlas and enabled us to interrogate how i妹妹une cell composition and states shift with age, chronic viral infection and vaccination. From these data, we demonstrate robust, non-linear transcriptional reprogra妹妹ing in T cell subsets with age that is not driven by systemic infla妹妹ation or chronicPA集团官网 cytomegalovirus infection. This age-related reprogra妹妹ing led to a functional T helper 2 (TH2) cell bias in memory T cells that is linked to dysregulated B cell responses against highly boosted antigens in influenza vaccines. Collectively, this study reveals unique features of the i妹妹une ageing process that occur prior to advanced age and provides novel targets for age-related i妹妹une modulation.

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